Handbook for Irrigation of Wine Grapes in South Africa

First page Table of contents Next page Last page

Foreword	6
Contents	14
Climate	16
Introduction	16
Climate classification	17
Climatic indices for viticulture	21
Interaction between climate, wine quality and irrigation	24
Climate change	28
Conclusive remarks	30
The dynamics of water in and around vineyards	32
Introduction	32
The hydrological cycle	34
The water balance in vineyards	35
Evapotranspiration	37
Conclusive remarks	55
Water related soil properties	56
Introduction	56
Texture	56
Bulk density	61
Water content	61
Matric potential	62
Soil water characteristic curves	62
Water holding capacity	65
Infiltration rate	67
Permeability	68
Hydraulic conductivity	70
Conclusive remarks	73
Irrigation systems	74
Introduction	74
Surface irrigation systems	76
Subsurface irrigation systems	93
Maintenance of irrigation systems	97
Conclusive remarks	102
Irrigation water quality	104
Introduction	104
Comparing rain, river and municipal water quality	105
Water quality norms	107
Irrigation with saline water	118
On-farm water treatment	125
Using treated wastewater for irrigation	125
Conclusive remarks	146
Grapevine water status	148
Introduction	148
Quantification of grapevine water status	153
Factors affecting grapevine water status	157
Grapevine water status classification	170
Grapevine responses in relation to midday stem water potential	174
Conclusive remarks	177
Irrigation strategies	180
Introduction	180
Irrigation strategies	182
Possible ways to use irrigation water more efficiently	231
Conclusive remarks	236
Practical irrigation scheduling	238
Introduction	238
Qualitative assessment of root systems	238
Indirect estimation of evapotranspiration	240
Direct soil and plant based measurements	252
Setting refill lines for irrigation strategies based on grapevine water status	281
Conclusive remarks	284
Preventing cold damage in vineyards	286
Introduction	286
Types of cold damage	287
Prediction of cold damage	288
Measures to reduce the risk of cold damage	295
Managing vineyards following cold damage	300
Conclusive remarks	301
References	302
Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols	309

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