Annual Growth Cycle of a Grapevine - P.G. Goussard

Piet Goussard Stellenbosch University Universiteit Stellenbosch Dyunivesithi yaseStellenbosch

ANNUAL GROWTH CYCLE OF A GRAPEVINE JAARLIKSE GROEISIKLUS VAN ’N WINGERDSTOK UMJIKELO WONYAKA WOKUKHULA KOMDILIYA

FOREWORD

VOORWOORD

INTSHAYELELO

THE CYCLES OF A LIFE

DIE LEWENSSIKLUSSE

IMIJIKELO YOBOMI

Phenology refers to the main categories of growth and development stages during the lifetime of a plant. In this richly illustrated publication the annual growth cy cle of a grapevine is visually displayed and explained. This publication should be of huge benefit to learners, produc ers and viticulturists in general. Prof Pieter Goussard’s contribution as sole author of this publication is greatly appreciated. With his background in research and teaching, as well as his practical knowledge of viticulture, Prof Goussard is the ideal author of such a publication. He obtained all his academic qualifications, including his PhD (Agric) degree, in 1984, from Stellenbosch University. He was appointed as a lecturer at the same institution in 1971 and later became a professor. During this period, he was also chairperson of the Department of Viticulture and Oenology for 14 years. He is a recognised researcher, who has published 70 articles in scientific and popular publications, has presented 25 papers and posters at na tional and international conferences and has received five awards, including the South African Society for Enology and Viticulture (SASEV) prize for research and innovation. He has served as a board member of the South African Society for Enology and Viticulture for 20 years and was editor of the South African Journal of Enology and Viticul ture for 15 years. All of this highlights the exceptional ser vice he has provided to the South African wine industry.

Fenologie verwys na die hoofstadia van groei en ontwik keling gedurende ’n plant se leeftyd. In hierdie ryk geïllustreerde publikasie word die jaarlikse groeisiklus van ’n wingerdstok visueel voorgestel en verduidelik. Hierdie publikasie kan van groot hulp vir leerders, produsente en wingerdboukundiges in die algemeen, wees. Prof. Pieter Goussard se bydrae as hoof outeur van hierdie publikasie, word hoog op prys gestel. Met sy agtergrond in navorsing en onderrig en sy praktiese kennis van wingerdbou, is Prof. Goussard die ideale outeur van só ’n publikasie. Hy het al sy akademiese kwalifikasies, insluitend sy PhD (Agric)-graad in 1984, aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch verwerf en is aangewys as dosent by dieselfde instansie in 1971, waar hy ook later professor geword het. Gedurende hierdie periode was hy ook vir 14 jaar die voorsitter van die Departement Wingerd- en Wynkunde. Hy het homself gevestig as ’n erkende navorser, wat 70 artikels in wetenskaplike- en populêre publikasies gepubliseer het. Hy het ook 25 referate en plakkate by nasionale- en internasionale konferensies gelewer; en het vyf toekennings ontvang, insluitend die Suid-Afrikaanse Wingerd- en Wynkundevereniging (SAWWV) se prys vir navorsing en innovasie. Hy het 20 jaar as raadslid van die Suid-Afrikaanse Wingerd- en Wynkundevereniging gedien en was ook vir 15 jaar redakteur van die South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture . Uit bogenoemde blyk dit dat hy hoogstaande diens aan die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf verleen het.

Ifinoloji zizifundo ngamanqanaba okuhluma nokukhula kwesityalo kubomi besityalo. Kolushicilelo lutyebileyo lweenkcazelo kubonakaliswa kucaciswe ngokukhula konyaka kwemidiliya. Olushicilelo lungaluncedo olikhulu kubafundi, abavelisi nakubafundi bezifundo zeemidiliya nolwenziwo lwewayini jikelele. Inxax heba eyeyathathwa ngunjingalwazi Pieter Goussard njen goyena mbhali ubalaseleyo wolushicilelo ixabisekile kakhu lu. Ngemvelaphi yakhe esekwe kwicandelo lophandolwazi, ukufundisa nolwazi kwizifundo zokwenziwa kwewayini, uNjingalwazi Pieter Goussard ngoyena mbhali usekiweyo wolushicilelo. Waye wafumana izifundo zakhe kunye nezobunjingalwazi (ph.D) ngomnyaka ka 1984 kwidyuni vesithi yaseStellenbosch, waze waqeshwa njengomfundisi kwakuledyunivesithi ngonyaka ka 1971, de ekuhambeni kwexesha wabayinjingalwazi. Ngelixesha wabangumgcini sihlalo wesebe lezifundo zolimo lwediliya nokwenziwa kwewayini imininyaka elishumi elinane (14). Waye waziseka njengomphandilwazi ogqibeleleyo, washicilela imibhalo engamashumi asixhenxe (25) yesayensi kunye neqhelekiyo kwimagazini, wathabatha inxaxheba njengesithethi sama phepha angamashumi amabini nantlanu (25) nemifanekiso kwiikhonfresi zalapha elizweni nangaphandle. Uthe wafu mana iimbasa ezintlanu (5) enyeyazo iyeye South African Society of Enology and Viticulture (SASEV) kuphandolwazi nokuqala izinto ezintsha. Uye wasebenza ngengelungu kwibhodi yeSASEV iminyaka elishumi nambini (20) waze wangumshicileli wemibhalo yeSouth African Jounal of Enology and Viticulture (ushi cilelo lwemibhalo yeSASEV) iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. Oku konke kubonakalisa ukuba uye wazibonakalisa waqa qamba ekusebenzeleni icandelo lasemZantsi Afrika lok wenza iwayini.

Jan Booysen: Technical Advisor: Winetech

Jan Booysen: Tegniese Adviseur: Winetech

Jan Booysen: Umcebisi Ophambili weWinetech

Introduction | Inleiding | Intshayelelo

ANNUAL GROWTH CYCLE OF A GRAPEVINE

PHOTOGRAPHS / FOTO’S / IMIBONISO Prof Piet Goussard Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University Departement Wingerd- en Wynkunde, Universiteit Stellenbosch ISebe leziFundo zoLimo nokweNziwa koMdiliya, oMfaxangiweyo, Dyunivesithi yaseStellenbosch

The annual growth cycle of a grapevine (from one winter to the winter of the following year) is characterised by the fol lowing specific main categories of growth and developmen tal stages (phenology), namely: (i) dormancy, (ii) bud break, (iii) shoot, leaf and flower cluster development, (iv) flowering, (v) berry development, (vi) berry ripening until ready for harvesting, (vii) leaf ageing with the onset of autumn colours and (viii) complete shoot lignification followed by leaf drop. Each of the above-mentioned main phenological stages is characterised by several albeit specific development pat terns, the detail of which is best revealed under the prover bial magnifying glass. The objective with the compilation of this photo series was to portray comprehensively the par ticulars involved in the entire spectrum of the annual grape vine growth cycle over several months in Wynboer . The photos are not intended to reflect a single grapevine or even cultivar, although, where applicable, the cultivar name is mentioned.

AUTHOR/OUTEUR/UMBHALI Prof Piet Goussard

XHOSA TRANSLATION/XHOSA VERTALING/UGUQULELO ESIXHOSENI Nwabisa Masekwana XHOSA PROOFREADING/XHOSA PROEFLEES/UKUFUNDISISWA NGESIXHOSA Phumla Kese

ART DIRECTION AND DTP LAYOUT/ONTWERP EN UITLEG/ ULAWULO LWEMIZOBO NOKUNABA KWEDTP VR Graphics PRINTING AND BINDING/DRUKWERK EN BINDWERK/ UKUKHIQIZWA NOKUBOTSHWA KWENCWADI ABC Press First published in 2012 by WineLand Publications in association with Winetech.

Eerste uitgawe gepubliseer in 2012 deur WynLand Publikasies in samewerking met Winetech. Iqale ukupapashwa ngowe- 2012 nguWineland Publication ngokubambisene noWintech. PO Box/Posbus/iBhokisi yePosi 1411, Suider Paarl 7624, Tel/uMnxeba 021 863 4524 Kopiereg: Winetech. Alle regte voorbehou. Geen gedeelte van hierdie boek mag op enige manier gerepro duseer word sonder die skriftelike toestemming van die uitgewer nie. Copyright: Winetech. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the copyright holders. Copyright: Winetech. Onke amagunya alombhalo abotshelelwe. Akukho nxalenye yolushicilelo olungaph inde luveliswe okanye lugqithiswe nakanjani okanye ngolunye uhlobo lombalowozombane, wempepha okanye okotshiweyo ngekhompyutha okanye ugcino nendlela yokutsala ulwazi ngaphandle kwesivumel wano nabaphathi becopyright leyo.

International Standard Book Number 978-0-620-54437-5

PUBL ICAT IONS

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JAARLIKSE GROEISIKLUS VAN ’N WINGERDSTOK

UMJIKELO WONYAKA WOKUKHULA KOMDILIYA Umjikelo wokukhula ngonyaka kwesityalo sediliya (ukusukela kubusika bonyaka wolimo ukuya kuma kubusika bonyaka olandelayo) uphawuleka ngala manqanaba okukhula nokuhluma alandelayo: (i) ukufukama kwesityalo, (ii) ukuqhekeka kodumba, (iii) ukudubula komdumba kuvele isicuku seentyatyambo nokuhluma kwazo kwakunye namagqabi, (iv) ukuthi dlundlu kweentyatyambo ngathi ziqhayisa ngobuhle bazo, (v) ukuhluma kweziqhamo zomdiliya, (vi) ukuvuthwa kweziqhamo zomdiliya zide zilungele uku vunwa, (vii) Ukubuna kwamagqabi xa kuqala imibala kaKwindla (viii) nokoma ngokugqibelelyo kwamasebe esityalo okula ndelwa kukuwa kwamagqabi Elinye nelinye lala manqanaba abaliweyo ngasentla lingohlulwa ngeendlela ezithile ezohlukeneyo zemigaqo yokukhula kwesi tyalo engcaciso yazo ingabonakaliswa kuphela phantsi kweglasi yokubonisa izinto ezincinane (ezingenobonakala ngeliso lenyama). Injongo yokudibanisa le mifanekiso ilandelelanayo kukubonisa iinkcukhaca ezibandakanyekayo ngokupheleleyo kumjikelo wonyaka wokukhula komdiliya ngeenyanga zonyaka kushicilelo lwe Wynboer . Le mifanekiso ayenzelwanga ubonisa umdiliya okaye uhlobo olunye lomdiliya, apho kunyanzelekileyo uhlobo olo lucaciswe ngegama lwalo.

Die jaarlikse groeisiklus van ’n wingerdstok (van winter tot winter van die daaropvolgende jaar) word deur die volgende spesifieke hoofkategorieë van groei- of ontwikkelingstadia (fenologie) gekenmerk, naamlik: (i) dormansie, (ii) bot, (iii) loot-, blaar- en blomtrosontwikkeling, (iv) blom, (v) korrelontwikkeling, (vi) korrelrypwording tot oesgereed, (vii) blaarveroudering met die toetrede van herfskleure en (viii) volledige lootlignifikasie gevolg deur blaarval. Elkeen van bogenoemde hoof fenologiese stadia word deur verskeie dog spesifieke ontwikkelingspatrone gekarakteriseer, waarvan die detail ten beste onder die spreekwoordelike vergrootglas na vore kom. Die oogmerk met die saamstel van hierdie fotoreeks was om volledige besonderhede soos betrokke by die totale spektrum van die jaarlikse wingerd stokgroeisiklus as ’n opvolgreeks wat oor etlike maande strek, in Wynboer uit te beeld. Dit dien daarop gelet te word dat foto’s nie weerspieëlend is van ’n enkele stok of selfs kultivar nie, alhoewel die kultivarnaam waar van toepassing wel vermeld word.

1 Part | Deel | Ibakala

The winter grapevine after pruning – ready to embark on the growing season

Umdiliya waseBusika emva kokuthenwa – ulungele ixesha lokukhula

Winterwingerd na snoei – gereed om die groeiseisoen aan te durf

PHOTO 1 | FOTO 1 | UMFANEKISO 1

A typical winter scene where all pruning actions have been completed but before any weed control strategy has been launched – visually the allocated bearer buds appear completely dormant.

’n Tipiese wintertoneel waar alle snoeiaksies afgehandel is maar alvorens enige strategie betreffende onkruidbeheer geloods is – die toegekende draeroë vertoon visueel volkome dormant.

Umboniso waseBsika apho izenzo zokuthena seziqukunjelwe phambi kokuba ulawulo lokhula luqaliswe – kubonakala ngamehlo imidumba isaquvile ayikadubuli.

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PHOTO 2 | FOTO 2 | UMFANEKISO 2

Grapevines are dormant and proudly await the new growing season. Weeds and cover crops start showing reaction to the application of specific herbicides.

Stokke steeds rustend en staan trots in gelid – wagtend op die nuwe groeiseisoen. Onkruid en dekgewasse begin reaksie toon in opvolging van die toediening van spesifieke onkruiddoders.

Imidiliya isafukamile ilinde ixesha elizayo lokudubula. Ukhula nezityalo zokukhusela ziyaqalisa ukubonisa unxulumelwano nezibulali zityalo zazo ezifakelelweyo.

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PHOTO 3 | FOTO 3 | UMFANEKISO 3

Effective practices in respect of weeds and cover crops were applied to eliminate any form of competition in the forthcoming growing season.

Doeltreffende praktyke ten opsigte van onkruid en dekgewasse is toegepas om enige vorm van kompetisie in die komende groeiseisoen uit te skakel.

Imiqathango efanelekileyo malunga nolawulo lokhula nokhuseleko lwezityalo ithatyathiwe ukuphungula amathuba alo naluphina uhlobo lokhuphiswano kwixesha elizayo lokhuliso-zityalo.

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PHOTO 4 | FOTO 4 | UMFANEKISO 4

Once the effective bearer buds have been allocated, the grapevines, solidly anchored and ready for action, await warmer weather conditions for the onset of bud burst.

Stewig geanker en gereed met effektiewe toegekende draeroë in afwagting op warmer weerstoestande om die ontwaking daarvan te bewerkstellig.

Yakuba imidumba enakho ukuthwala iziqhamo ngokufanelekileyo iqatshelwe nezityalo zomdiliya zimiliselwe nkqi, ithi ilungele ukuvelisa ngokuvunyelwa sisimo sezulu esifudumeleyo iyeke ukuvilapha, iqale ukudubula imidumba.

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2 Part | Deel | Ibakala

Ukudumba komdumba/ kwethupha, kuqhekeka amaxolo kuvele intyantyambo kumdumba olukhuni

Swelling of the bud, breaking open of bud scales and efflorescence of the woolly bud

Oogswel, oopbreek van skubblare en ontluiking van die wol-oog

PHOTO 5 | FOTO 5 | UMFANEKISO 5

Onset of bud swell in this rounded, inverted winter bud of Sauvignon blanc.

Aanvang van oogswel by hierdie geronde, ingedoke winteroog van Sauvignon blanc.

Isiqalo sokudumba kwethupha elingqukuva elibuyileyo laseBusika leSauvignon blanc.

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PHOTO 6 | FOTO 6 | UMFANEKISO 6

Practically invisible bud swell in this pointed winter bud of Colombar.

Feitlik onopsigtelike oogswel by hierdie spitsgepunte winteroog van Colombar.

Ukudumba okungabonakaliyo kwithupha laseBusika leColombar.

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PHOTO 7 | FOTO 7 | UMFANEKISO 7

Obvious bud swell although bud scales still maintain a typical enveloping and protective mantle.

Duidelike oogswel alhoewel skubblare nog ’n tipiese omvouende en beskermende mantel handhaaf.

Ukudumba okucacileyo noxa amaxolo ethupha esavalekele ngaphakathi, egqumathekile.

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PHOTO 8 | FOTO 8 | UMFANEKISO 8

Bud scales start opening with woolly hairs prominently visible.

Skubblare begin oopmaak met wollerige hare prominent sigbaar.

Amaxolo ethupha ayaqala ukuvuleka eneenwele ezibonakala zibuboyarha.

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PHOTO 9 | FOTO 9 | UMFANEKISO 9

Bud scales break open with the accompanying emergence of the woolly bud.

Skubblare breek oop met gepaardgaande ontluiking van die wol-oog.

Amaxolo ethupha ayavuleka kuvele ithupha elinoboyana.

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PHOTO 10 | FOTO 10 | UMFANEKISO 10

The woolly bud develops quickly and assumes a unique morphological appearance.

Die wol-oog ontwikkel vinnig om ’n eiesoortige morfologiese voorkoms aan te neem.

Eli thupha linoboya liyahluma ngokukhawuleza litshintshe inkangeleko yesiqu.

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3 Part | Deel | Ibakala

Establishment and further development of the woolly bud

Totstandkoming en verdere ontwikkeling van die wol-oog

Ukusekeka nokuqhubeleka kokukhula kwethupha elinoboya

PHOTO 11 | FOTO 11 | UMFANEKISO 11

A typical woolly bud with artifially woven hairs before any colour hues that are characteristic of enclosed tissues or organs become noticeable.

’n Tipiese wol-oog met kunstig inmekaargevlegte hare alvorens enige kleurskakerings eie aan ingehulde weefsels of organe waarneembaar is.

Uhlobo lwethupha elinoboya elineenwele ezifakelelweyo phambi kokuvela kwemibala ecacisa iinkcukhacha ezithile zohlobo lweenyama zangaphakathi zesityalo.

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PHOTO 12 | FOTO 12 | UMFANEKISO 12

The first leaf colour becomes subtly visible between the woolly hairs.

Subtiele sigbaarwording van die eerste blaarkleur tussen die wollerige hare.

Umbala wegqabi uya ubonakala luzizi phakathi kweenwele ezibuboyarha.

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PHOTO 13 | FOTO 13 | UMFANEKISO 13

The first colour is noticed in this developing woolly bud of Cabernet Sauvignon.

Die eerste kleurwaarneming by hierdie ontwikkelende wol-oog van Cabernet Sauvignon.

Umbala wokuqala uyacaca kwithupha elinoboyana leCabernet Sauvignon.

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PHOTO 14 | FOTO 14 | UMFANEKISO 14

The woolly bud enlarges quickly and is characterised by unravelling hairs with accompanying exposure of prominent colour hues.

Die wol-oog vergroot vinnig en word gekenmerk deur hare wat uitrafel met blootlegging van prominente kleurskakerings.

Ithupha elinoboyana libalikhulu ngokukhawuleza libonakale ngokuqhaqheka kweenwele okukhatshwa kukuvela kwemibala ecacileyo.

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PHOTO 15 | FOTO 15 | UMFANEKISO 15

Apart from colour, leaf tissue starts to be noticeable in this enlarging woolly bud.

Benewens kleur kan die voorkoms van blaarweefsel by hierdie vergrotende wol-oog waargeneem word.

Ngaphandle kombala, isimo segqabi siqalisa ukucaca kulo mdumba uya usiba mkhulu.

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PHOTO 16 | FOTO 16 | UMFANEKISO 16

The woolly buds literally burst their seams when the shoot tips develop actively in “Gloryvine”, which imparts prominence to a kaleidoscope of colours in developing organs.

Die wol-oog bars letterlik uit sy nate in opvolging van die aktiewe verlenging van die lootpunt by “Gloryvine”, waardeur aan ’n kaleidoskoop van kleure by ontwikkelende organe prominensie verleen word.

Imidumba enoboya iye igqabhuke xa kukhula ngamandla iintupha zamahluma kwiGloryvine, eye ibe nomthelela kwimibala-bala ekumalungu asahlumayo.

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4 Part | Deel | Ibakala

Bud break and subsequent development of buds

Bot en daaropvolgende ontwikkeling van botsels

Ukuqhekeka kwethupha nokukhula kwemidumba

PHOTO 17 | FOTO 17 | UMFANEKISO 17

Bud break is associated with this typical bud where all internal organs are fully enveloped by emerging young leaves.

Bot word met hierdie tipiese botsel geassosieer waarby alle interne organe volkome deur ontluikende jong blare toegeskulp is.

Uqhekeko lwethupha luyanyaniswe nomdumba oneenyama zonke zangaphakathi ezigqumathelwe ngaphakathi ngamagqatyana amancinci asakhulayo.

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PHOTO 18 | FOTO 18 | UMFANEKISO 18

A further step in the development of the bud as reflected by the unfolding of the first leaf tips.

’n Stappie verder in die ontwikkeling van die botsel soos weerspieël word deur die ontrafeling van die eerste blaarpunte.

Elinye inqwanqwa ekukhuleni kwethupha libonakala ngokutyhileka kweencam zamagqabi.

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PHOTO 19 | FOTO 19 | UMFANEKISO 19

Young leaf tips form a typical rosette in this developing Chardonnay bud, thereby creating a characteristic encircling of developing organs.

Jong blaarpunte vorm ’n tipiese roset by hierdie botsel van Chardonnay waardeur ’n kenmerkende omkringing van ontwikkelende organe daargestel word.

Iincam/iintupha zamagqabi amancinci ziye zenze isimo seentyantyanjana kwithupha elikhulayo leChardonnay, ngoko lisenza isangqa esingqonga iinyama ezikhulayo.

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PHOTO 20 | FOTO 20 | UMFANEKISO 20

The youngest leaves are slowly but surely starting to disentangle themselves.

Die jongste blare begin hulle stadig maar doelgerig loswikkel.

Awona magqabi mancinci akhula ngokucotha aqale ukuzikhulula.

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PHOTO 21 | FOTO 21 | UMFANEKISO 21

A typical developing bud in Roobernet, displaying intense hairiness as well as the occurrence of pearl glands on the underside of emerging young leaves.

’n Tipiese botsel by Roobernet met waarneming van intense beharing asook die voorkoms van pêrelkliere aan die onderkante van ontluikende jong blare.

Ithupha elikhulayo leRoobernet, libonakalisa ubuxhonti kunye nokubanamaqam angathi ziiperile ngaphantsi kwamagqabi amatsha asahlumayo.

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PHOTO 22 | FOTO 22 | UMFANEKISO 22

A developing bud where the basal leaves are about to undergo unfurling.

’n Botsel waarvan die basisblare feitlik op die punt is om ontvouing te ondergaan.

Ithupha elisakhulayo apho amagqabi angezantsi asezakoluleka ayeke ukugoba.

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5 Part | Deel | Ibakala

Ukongezeleka kobude bamasebe, ukoluleka kwamagqabi nokudubula kwesicuku seentyatyambo

Shoot lengthening, unfurling of leaves and exposure of flower clusters

Lootverlenging, blaarontvouing en blootlegging van blomtrosse

PHOTO 23 | FOTO 23 | UMFANEKISO 23

The first leaf is separated and unfurling commences.

Die eerste blaar kom los en ontvouing daarvan neem ’n aanvang.

Igqabi lokuqala liyohlukana nokoluleka kuqalise.

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PHOTO 24 | FOTO 24 | UMFANEKISO 24

A desirable bud break situation in this short bearer, where the two slowly elongating shoots are the same length and characterised by unfurling of the first leaves.

’n Gewenste uitbotsituasie by hierdie kortdraer waar die twee botsels ewe lank is en deur ontvouing van die eerste blare gekenmerk word.

Ukuqhekeka okufunekayo kwethupha lwekheyini ethenwe ukuze kuvele ithupha elinye okanye amabini, apho amasebe amabini akhula ngokucotha ngobude elingana kwaye ebonakala ngokoluleka kwamagqabi okuqala.

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PHOTO 25 | FOTO 25 | UMFANEKISO 25

The first two leaves in the unfurling process, while the third begins to disengage itself.

Die eerste twee blare in die ontvouingsproses terwyl die derde homself begin loswikkel.

Amagqabi amabini okuqala aqalisa ukoluleka, ngoku elesithathu liqalisa ukuzohlula.

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PHOTO 26 | FOTO 26 | UMFANEKISO 26

Shoot lengthening starts to gain momentum and is reflected in this instance in Chardonnay by two to three leaves undergoing the unfurling process.

Lootverlenging begin op dreef kom en word in hierdie geval by Chardonnay deur twee tot drie blare in die ontvouingsproses weerspieël.

Ukongezeleleka kobude bamasebe kuyakhawulezisa kubonakaliswa kulo mzekelo weChardonnay ngamagabi amabini ukuya kwisithathu olulekayo.

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PHOTO 27 | FOTO 27 | UMFANEKISO 27

Three to four leaves have unfurled while the young flower clusters start displaying prominence.

Drie tot vier blare is ontvou terwyl die jong blomtrosse prominensie begin toon.

Amagqabi amathathu ukuya kwisine olulekileyo ngoku isicuku seentyatyambo siqalisa ukubonakalisa ukugqama.

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PHOTO 28 | FOTO 28 | UMFANEKISO 28

The shoot tip and flower clusters as individual organs are clearly recognisable and ready to undergo further development.

Die spruitpunt en blomtrosse as individuele organe is duidelik herkenbaar en gereed om verdere ontwikkeling te ondergaan.

Incam yesebe nesicuku seentyatyambo zibonakala ngokucacileyo zilungele ukuqhubeleka zikhule.

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6 Part | Deel | Ibakala

Ukukhula kwesicuku seentyatyambo nezinye iintyantyambo ezizimeleyo

The development of the flower cluster and individual flowers

Die ontwikkeling van die blomtros en individuele blomme

PHOTO 29 | FOTO 29 | UMFANEKISO 29

A flower cluster in Tannat where the subtle unravelling of the dense hair covering portrays its further development.

’n Blomtros by Tannat waar die subtiele ontrafeling van die digte haarbedekking die verdere ontwikkeling daarvan uitbeeld.

Isicuku seentyatyambo kwiTannat apho ngokufihlakeleyo ukoluleka kwenwele ezishinyeneyo kuqala ukubonakalisa ukubheka phambili.

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PHOTO 30 | FOTO 30 | UMFANEKISO 30

Rapid enlargement and lengthening of the flower cluster with exposure of manifold tiny flowers.

Vinnige vergroting en verlenging van die blomtros met blootlegging van massas piepklein blommetjies.

Ukwanda ngamandla kobungakanani nobude besicuku seentyatyambo okuveza umphakathi wentyantyambo ezincinci.

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PHOTO 31 | FOTO 31 | UMFANEKISO 31

Flower clusters at the stage where flower parts develop quickly and the structures undergo a rapid expanding action.

Blomtrosse in die stadium wanneer blomdele vinnig ontwikkel en die strukture ’n snelle uitrek-aksie ondergaan.

Izicuku zeentyantyambo kwinqanaba lokukhula apho amalungu entyatyambo akhula ngokukhawuleza neziqu zisanda ngentshukumo ekhawulezayo.

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A further step in the development of the flower cluster and flower parts with the future wing bunch also clearly in position.

’n Verdere stap in die ontwikkeling van die blomtros en blomdele met die toekomstige sytros ook duidelik in posisie.

Inqwanqwa elilandelayo kukukhula kwesicuku seentyatyambo namalungu entyatyambo kubonakalisa isihlahla sediliya esimi ngendawo yaso.

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PHOTO 33 | FOTO 33 | UMFANEKISO 33

Developing flowers start to assume a pattern of arrangement in small groups.

Ontwikkelende blommetjies begin ’n patroon van rangskikking in klein groepies aanneem.

Iintyatyambo ezikhulayo ziqalisa imigaqo yesimo sokuma ngamaqela amancinci.

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PHOTO 34 | FOTO 34 | UMFANEKISO 34

A typical example of the occurrence of individual flowers in compact groups on the extended rachis.

’n Tipiese voorbeeld van die voorkoms van individuele blomme in kompakte groepies op die verlengde rachis.

Umzekelo ocacileyo wobukho beentyatyambo ezizimeleyo kwizicuku zeentyantyambo kwiratshisi ezongezelelweyo.

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The onset and course of the flowering process

Die aanvang en verloop van die blomproses

Isiqalo nenkqubo yokudubula kweentyatyambo

PHOTO 35 | FOTO 35 | UMFANEKISO 35

Individual loosely arranged flowers with practically fully developed floral parts – including calyptrae that are still in position – assume a subtle yellowish green hue in Chardonnay.

Individueel los gerangskikte blomme met feitlik klaar ontwikkelde blomdele – insluitend kappies wat steeds in posisie is – neem ’n subtiele geelgroen kleurskakering aan by Chardonnay.

Iintyatyambo ezizimele ngokukhululekileyo ezinamalungu eentyatyambo akhule ngokugqibeleleyo, kwanecaliptraye ezisamileyo – eziye zibenombala ongacacanga otyheli kwiChardonnay.

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PHOTO 36 | FOTO 36 | UMFANEKISO 36

The onset of flowering is characterised by abscission layers which develop at the bottom adhesion points of the calyptra, causing them to separate when they are pushed off by the developing anthers.

Die aanvang van blom word gekenmerk deur afsnoeringslae wat aan die onderste vashegtingspunte van die kappie ontwikkel sodat dit hier los raak en deur die ontwikkelende stuifmeeldrade afgestoot word.

Isiqalo sokudubula kweentyatyambo sibonakaliswa kukuhlutywa kwamaqweqwe ezantsi kwindawo zokudibana kwe caliptra izenze zohlukane xa zityhilizwa zii-entha (ubudoda bentyatyambo) ezikhulayo.

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Calyptra drop gets going with the exposure of stamens and stigmas which are covered at this stage with a sticky, syrupy solution to which pollen grains may adhere.

Kappieval kom op dreef met die blootlegging van meeldrade en stempels wat op hierdie stadium met ’n taai, stroperige oplossing bedek is waarop stuifmeelkorrels kan vaskleef.

Ukuwa kwecaliptra zikhatshwa kukuvela kwestamen (amalungu obudoda entyantyambo) nestigma (amalungu obufazi entyantyambo) ezogqunywe ngencindi encangathe apho ipollen (umqhuqhu weentyatyambo) izoncamathela khona.

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PHOTO 38 | FOTO 38 | UMFANEKISO 38

Different stages of calyptrae loosening, being pushed upwards and dropping in Meunier so as to expose the stigmas for maximum reception of pollen grains.

Verskillende stadia van los raak, afstoot en afval van kappies by Meunier ten einde die stempels vir maksimale ontvangs van stuifmeelkorrels te ontbloot.

Amanqanaba okukhululeka kwecaliptra etyhilizelwa phezulu iwiswe kwiMeuner kuvele istigma ukuze kwamkeleke ipollen.

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PHOTO 39 | FOTO 39 | UMFANEKISO 39

Full flowering is associated with calyptra drop of approximately 80% plus.

Volblom word geassosieer met ongeveer 80% plus van kappieval.

Udubulo olupheleleyo lukhatshwa kukuwa kwekhaliptra ngomgama ongama 80% nangaphezulu.

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PHOTO 40 | FOTO 40 | UMFANEKISO 40

A look inside the flower cluster during flowering; pay attention to syrupy receptive stigmas and eager anthers all set for the release of masses of pollen grains.

’n Dieper kykie in ’n blomtros tydens blom, vestig die aandag op stroperige ontvanklike stempels en gewillige helmknoppe op gereedheidsgrondslag vir die vrystelling van massas stuifmeelkorrels.

Ukujonga ngaphathi kwisicuku seentyatyambo ngexesha lokudubula, jongisisa incindi eyamkelayo kwistigma ne-entha elangazelela ukubamba amakhozo amaninzi epollen azokuchithakalela kuyo.

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Set and subsequent berry development

Set en daaropvolgende korrelontwikkeling

Ukubekela nokukhula kwamaqunube ediliya

PHOTO 41 | FOTO 41 | UMFANEKISO 41

Berry set after successful pollination and fertilisation – the male organs did a proper job to satisfy the female organs.

Korrelset na suksesvolle bestuiwing en bevrugting – die manlike organe het hulle werk deeglik ter bevrediging van die vroulike organe verrig.

Ukubekela kwamaqunube emva kokuvuvuzelwa ngepollen nokhulelwiswo – amalungu obudoda enze umsebenzi onguwo wokwanelisa amalungu obufazi besityalo.

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PHOTO 42 | FOTO 42 | UMFANEKISO 42

Although berries are still tiny directly after set (approximately 2 mm in diameter) active cell division contributes to their rapid enlargement.

Alhoewel korrels direk na set nog piepklein is (ongeveer 2 mm in deursnit) dra aktiewe seldeling by tot die vinnige vergroting daarvan.

Nokuba amaqubunube asemancinci emva kokubekelwa (angango 2mm isangqa) ukucukucezeka kweseli kuyaqhubekeka kuncedisa ekukhuleni kwazo ngokukhawuleza.

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PHOTO 43 | FOTO 43 | UMFANEKISO 43

The peppercorn stage (berry diameter approximately 4 mm) is rapidly reached while developing bunches still maintain a rectangular position vis à vis the shoot.

Spoedig word die peperkorrel stadium (korreldeursnit ongeveer 4 mm) bereik terwyl ontwikkelende trosse steeds ’n reghoek posisie met die loot handhaaf.

Inqanaba lokulingana nokhozo lwepepile (ubungakanani bequnube bungango 4mm) likhawuleza lifikelelwe ngoku izihlahla ezikhulayo zisame buxande kumasebe.

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PHOTO 44 | FOTO 44 | UMFANEKISO 44

Following the pea bud stage (berry diameter approximately 7 to 8 mm) the bunch assumes a hanging position.

In opvolging van die ertjiekorrel stadium (korreldeursnit ongeveer 7 tot 8 mm) neem die tros ’n hangende posisie aan.

Ukulandela inqanaba lokulingana ne-ertyisi (amaqunube angange 7 ukuya ku 8mm), isihlahla siye siqalise ukuthatha isimo sokujinga.

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PHOTO 45 | FOTO 45 | UMFANEKISO 45

Active increase in mass and volume of berries contributes inter alia to the eventual bunch shape which is already discernable in this hanging bunch.

Aktiewe toename in massa en volume van korrels dra onder andere daartoe by dat die uiteindelike trosvorm reeds by hierdie hangende tros waarneembaar is.

Ukukhula ngamandla kobunzima nobungakanani besihlahla sediliya lunikeza isimo sesihlahla eso esesicacile ukuba siyajinga.

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PHOTO 46 | FOTO 46 | UMFANEKISO 46

Bunch closure before véraison is typical of cultivars with compact bunches.

Die toemaak van ’n tros voor deurslaan, is tiperend by kultivars met kompakte trosse.

Uvaleko (ukudibana) lwesihlala phambi kweverayizon (ukuvela kombala) kuyacaca kwiintlobo zediliya ezinezihlahla ezihlangeneyo/ dibeneyo/shinyeneyo.

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Ripening

Rypwording

Ukuvuthwa

PHOTO 47 | FOTO 47 | UMFANEKISO 47

The onset of véraison is associated with berries starting to soften, sugar concentrations starting to increase and the first signs of colour development becoming discernable in individual berries.

Die aanvang van deurslaan word geassosieer met korrels wat begin om sag te word, suikerkonsentrasies wat begin toeneem sowel as die eerste tekens van kleurontwikkeling wat by individuele korrels waargeneem kan word.

Isiqalo severayizon linxulumaniswa namaqunube aqalise ukuthamba, umlinganiselo weswekile kuwo uqalise ukonyuka, kuye kubonakale iimpawu zokuphuma kombala oya ucaca kumaqunube nganye.

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PHOTO 48 | FOTO 48 | UMFANEKISO 48

Véraison and an increase in berry mass and volume due to cell expansion progress rapidly.

Deurslaan vorder vinnig terwyl ’n toename in massa en volume van korrels as gevolg van selvergroting ongeveer net so vinnig soos as gevolg van seldeling plaasvind.

Iverayizon nokongezeleka kobunzima nobungakanani bezihlahla zamaqunube ngenxa yokwangezeleleka kweseli okukhawulezileyo.

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PHOTO 49 | FOTO 49 | UMFANEKISO 49

A typical example of berry enlargement which accompanies advanced véraison.

’n Tipiese voorbeeld van korrelvergroting wat met gevorderde deurslaan gepaard gaan.

Umzekelo ocacileyo wokongezeleleka kobukhulu bequnube obukhapha iverayizon esele iphangalele.

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PHOTO 50 | FOTO 50 | UMFANEKISO 50

The ripe stage has been achieved in this bunch of Petit Verdot which may be considered harvest ready.

Die rypstadium is by hierdie tros van Petit Verdot bereik wat as oesgereed beskou kan word.

Inqanaba lokuvuthwa selifikelelwe kwesi sihlahla sediliya iPetit Verdot enokuthatyathwa njengelungele ukuvunwa.

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The ripe stage in this Sultanina bunch.

Die rypstadium by hierdie Sultanina-tros.

Inqanaba lokuvuthwa kwesihlahla seSultanina.

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This Mourvèdre bunch shows signs of slight overripeness.

Hierdie tros van Mourvèdre toon tekens van effense oorrypheid.

Esi sihlahla seMourvèdre sibonakalisa ukuvuthwa kakhulu.

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Veroudering, ontwikkeling van herfskleure en aanvang van blaarval

Ukuguga/ubudala, nokuqala kokukhula kwemibala yaseKwindla nesiqalo sokuwa kwamagqabi

Ageing, development of autumn colours and onset of leaf drop

PHOTO 53 | FOTO 53 | UMFANEKISO 53

Pinotage vines at the end of April where grapes were left to hang – note the fully lignified shoots, advanced leaf aging with the first signs of autumn colours and totally overripe and useless grapes.

Pinotage-stokke teen die einde van April waar druiwe laat hang is – ten volle gelignifiseerde lote, gevorderde blaarveroudering met eerste tekens van herfskleure en totaal oorryp en onbruikbare druiwe word geïllustreer.

Iidiliya zePinotage xa kuphela uApreli (inyanga kaTshazimpuzi) apho izihlahla zeediliya zaye zayekwa zijinga – jongisisa amasebe aziinkuni eziqinileyo, ukuguga kwamagqabi kubonakalisa imibala yaseKwindla, neediliya ezivuthisisiweyo ezingenamsebenzi.

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PHOTO 54 | FOTO 54 | UMFANEKISO 54

Towards the middle of June these Sauvignon blanc vines sport fairy-tale autumn colours.

Teen middel Junie is hierdie Sauvignon blanc-stokke ryklik met sprokiesagtige herfskleure bedeeld.

Ukuya phakathi kukaJuni (inyanga yeSilimela) ezidiliya zeSauvignon blanc zibonakalisa imibala yasentsomini kaKwindla.

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PHOTO 55 | FOTO 55 | UMFANEKISO 55

With leaf drop the cell walls of the epidermis and cortex in the abscission layer at the base of the petiole dissolve and the vascular bundles are mechanically broken.

Met blaarval los die selwande van die epidermis en korteks in die afsnoeringslaag aan die basis van die bladsteel op en word die vaatbundels meganies gebreek.

Ngokuwa kwamagqabi, amadonga eeseli ye-epidemisi nekhoteks kwiqweqwe elihlutywayo ezantsi kwepetiyoli ayanyibilika, izihlahla zevaskula ziyaqhekeka.

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PHOTO 56 | FOTO 56 | UMFANEKISO 56

A protective cell layer is formed at the bottom of the rupture and suberin and wound gum are deposited so as to pave the way for the formation of the periderm through which the petiole wound will eventually be sealed.

’n Beskermende sellaag word aan die onderkant van die breuk gevorm en suberien en wondgom word neergelê ten einde die weg te baan vir die vorming van die periderm waardeur die bladsteelwond uiteindelik verseël sal word.

Uqweqwe olukhuselayo luyadaleka phantsi kokukrazuka nesilonda, intlama yesilonda iyabekeka ukuze kuvuleke indlela yokudala olunye uqweqwe lwangaphandle (epidermis) kuvaleke isilonda sepetiyoli.

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PHOTO 57 | FOTO 57 | UMFANEKISO 57

Autumn colours in Kanaän with leaf drop practically completed in Pinotage (left) and Hárslevelü (right).

Herfskleure by Kanaän met blaarval feitlik voltooi by Pinotage (links) en Hárslevelü (regs).

Imibala yaseKwindla eKanan ukuwa kwamagqabi kugqityiwe kwiPinotage (ekhohlo) nakwiHarslevelu (ekunene).

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PHOTO 58 | FOTO 58 | UMFANEKISO 58

A typical example of the time difference of leaf drop in different cultivars – a situation which is best observed in ampelographic collections.

’n Tipiese voorbeeld van die verskil in tyd van blaarval by verskillende kultivars – ’n situasie wat ten beste in ampelografiese kolleksies waargeneem kan word.

Umzekelo ocacileyo womahluko kumaxesha okuwisa amagqabi kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeediliya – imo ebonakala kakuhle kwingqokelela yotyalo lweediliya.

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Imidiliya yaseBusika emva kokuwa kwamagqabi okupheleleyo – ilindile ukumelana nohlaselo lotheno lwaseBusika

Winter grapevines following complete leaf drop – ready to face the onslaught of winter pruning

Winterwingerde na volledige blaarval – gereed om die aanslag van wintersnoei te ondergaan

PHOTO 59 | FOTO 59 | UMFANEKISO 59

A typical winter’s scene in this Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard towards the middle of June, where lignification is complete and reflects ideal shoot growth and accompanying shoot masses achieved in the course of the previous growing season.

’n Tipiese wintertoneel by hierdie Cabernet Sauvignon-wingerd teen middel Junie waar lote ten volle verhout is en weerspieëlend is van ideale lootgroei en gepaardgaande lootmassas wat oor die afgelope groeiseisoen behaal is.

Umboniso waseBusika womdiliya weCabernet Sauvignon ekuyeni phakathi kwinyanga yeSilimela apho ukoma komthi kudlule, ubonakala ukukhula kwamasebe okukuko kukhatshwa bubungakanani bamasebe kwixesha elidlulileyo lokukhula.

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The appearance of Merlot noir grapevines in mid-July – awaiting the onslaught of the pruning shears.

Die voorkoms van stokke van Merlot noir teen middel Julie – op gereedheidsgrondslag ten opsigte van die aanslag van die snoeiskêr.

Imbonakalo yemidiliya yeMerlot noir phakathi kwenyanga kaJulayi (eyeKhala) – ilindele uhlaselo lwesikere sokuthena.

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In neat attendance, with upright canes – a prime example of how the creeping growth habit of these Merlot noir vines was optimally manipulated by means of trellis and management practices.

Netjies in gelid met regop lote – ’n toonbeeld waar die kruipende groeiwyse van hierdie Merlot noir-stokke ten beste met oplei- en bestuurspraktyke gemanipuleer is.

Ngesimo esibukekayo, kuthe thandalala iintonga ezithe ngqo – umzekelo ocace gca obonakalisa ukubhija-bhijana nokuthungelana kwamasebe womthi womdiliya weMerlot okhuselekileyo nolungiswe ngokwezinga eliphezulu.

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Mid-July sees Shiraz in winter apparel, displaying clear signs of exceptional growth during the previous season.

Middel Julie by Shiraz – die voorkoms van stokke in wintergewaad toon duidelike tekens van buitensporige groei gedurende die afgelope seisoen.

Phakathi kwinyanga yeKhala kubonakala iShiraz ikwisimo saseBusika, ibonakalisa ukukhula kakuhle ngexesha elidlulileyo lokukhula.

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SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The publication of Part 11 concludes the series on grapevine pheno logy, which hopefully complied with the objective that motivated its compilation, namely to portray, visually and in detail, the particulars involved in the total spectrum of the annual grapevine growth cycle and render these in layman’s terms. Met die plasing van Deel 11 as afsluiting van die reeks oor wingerd fenologie word die hoop uitgespreek dat dit voldoen aan die oogmerk wat met die samestelling daarvan gestel is, naamlik om detail beson derhede soos betrokke by die totale spektrum van die jaarlikse win gerdstok groeisiklus in beeld vas te lê en op ’n populêre wyse weer te gee. Upapasho lwebakala 11 lugqibezela ulandelelwano (uthotho) lwezibhalo ngezifundo zobume bobuqu bomdiliya, ludityaniswe ngethemba lokuba injongo eyaye yakhuthaza le ndibano yemibhalo landelelanayo, ekukubonisa, ngamehlo nangengcaciso, iinkcukhaca eziye zithathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo epheleleyo yonyaka yokukhula komdiliya zicaciselwe umntu ongeyongcali okanye ongaziyo ngezi zifundo.

A particular word of thanks to Jan Booysen, Technical Advisor Wine tech, who accepted the project for publication as a series in Wynboer , as well as Anel Andrag, Manager Winetech, for her patience and comprehensive input to make this series a reality. With sincere and unequivocal appreciation. A special thank you also to ABC Press for printing this book with their compliments. ’n Besondere woord van dank aan Jan Booysen, tegniese adviseur, vir die opneem van die projek vir publikasie as ’n opvolgreeks in Wynboer , asook aan Anel Andrag, bestuurder Winetech, vir haar geduld en omvattende insette ten einde hierdie reeks die lig te kon laat aanskou. Opregte dank word onomwonde uitgespreek. ’n Spesiale woord van dank aan ABC Press vir die druk van hierdie boek met hul komplimente. Ilizwi elikhethekileyo lombulelo ongazenzisiyo kuJan Booysen, uMmcebisi wobuChwepheshe Winetech owamkele lo msebenzi ukuba upapashwe kwi WynBoer , nakuAnel Andrag, uMphathi Winetech ngo monde wakhe negalelo elibonakalayo ekwenzeni ukuba olu shicelelo lwalo msebenzi lube yimpumelelo. Nangamso! Umbulelo okhethekileyo kwakhona uya kwiABC Press ngokukhiqiza le ncwadi ngokuzimisela.

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