Technical Yearbook 2023

K (cmol (+) /kg) K (cmol (+) /kg)

Soil pH (KCl) Soil pH (KCl)

0.0 0.0

2.0 2.0

4.0 4.0

6.0 6.0

8.0 8.0

0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

0.6 0.6

0.8 0.8

1.0 1.0

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

-80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0

K (cmol (+) /kg)

Soil pH (KCl)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)

Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)

Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops

Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops

Soil depth (cm)

Soil depth (cm)

Ca (cmol (+) /kg) Ca (cmol (+) /kg)

Mg (cmol (+) /kg) Mg (cmol (+) /kg)

0.0 0.0

1.0 1.0

2.0 2.0

3.0 3.0

0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

0.6 0.6

0.8 0.8

1.0 1.0

Ca (cmol (+) /kg)

Mg (cmol (+) /kg)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)

Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)

Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops

Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops

Soil depth (cm)

Soil depth (cm)

Na (cmol (+) /kg) Na (cmol (+) /kg)

0.0 0.0

0.1 0.1

0.2 0.2

0.3 0.3

0.4 0.4

0.5 0.5

Na (cmol (+) /kg)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)

FIGURE 1. The average soil contents of the open land determined pre-treatment and after four years at the end of the trial in May 2020.

Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops Pre-treatment Bare soil Catch crops

Soil depth (cm)

Results and discussion In general, there were no significant differences in the K, Ca, Mg and Na of the open land experiment that could be related to the different summer catch crop and bare soil treatments (table 1). Trends over time for four years for the open land are given in figure 1. The use of diluted winery wastewater for irrigation of the open land increased soil pH (KCl) , K and Na regardless of the catch crops cultivated when compared to the pre-treatment values (figure 1). This

the summer, but there were still two winter cover crop treatments. The region has a Mediterranean climate. Details of the irrigation application, water quality, catch and cover crop responses have been given previously. 4,5,6 The soil chemical status was determined pre-treatment for both the open land and vineyard experiments. Soil chemical status was quantified every year at the end of the irrigation season in April/May and in October after the winter rainfall had ceased.

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TECHNICAL YEARBOOK 2023