SOIL PREPARATION

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1 INTRODUCTION	16
2 SOIL IMPEDIMENTS TO ROOT PENETRATION	20
Soil compaction	21
Soil acidity	25
Soil stratification	26
Dense clay in the subsoil	27
Hardpans	28
Waterlogging	30
Weathered rock in the subsoil	32
Coarse fragments in the soil	32
3 DETECTION OF ROOT IMPEDIMENTS	36
Soil inspection and sampling	36
Soil physical parameters	37
4 ROOT RESPONSE TO SOIL CONDITIONS	48
Root studies	51
Root pruning	56
5 SPECIAL SOIL PREPARATION STRUCTURES	62
Ridges	62
Terraces	71
Plant holes	78
6 SOIL DRAINAGE	88
Subsurface water	88
Scope and causes of waterlogging	89
Surface drainage	90
Subsurface drainage	91
Reclamation of saline soil	106
7 CHOICE OF IMPLEMENT FOR SOIL PREPARATION	112
Conditions for effective implement action	125
Matching soil preparation with soil type	129
8 APPLICATION OF AMELIORANTS DURING SOIL PREPARATION	136
Lime	136
Organic material	140
Phosphorous	141
Gypsum	141
9 RE-COMPACTION	144
10 ABOVEGROUND GRAPEVINE RESPONSE	152
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY	160
ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS	170

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