COVER CROPS in South African Vineyards

First page Table of contents Next page Last page
COVER1
FOREWORD6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS12
TABLE OF CONTENTS14
INTRODUCTION20
An exploration of the potential of cover crops22
Weed suppression22
Water infiltration, retention and drainage23
Grapevine nutrition25
Pests26
The importance of the physical condition of the soil27
How to use this book29
Reference list30
REGIONAL TRIAL SITES32
Breede River valley34
Climate34
Soil types35
Irrigation practices35
Cultivar and management36
Where else do these results apply?36
Where to find details of trials in this region36
Reference list37
Coastal region37
Climate37
Soil types38
Irrigation practices38
Cultivar and management39
Where else do these results apply?39
Where to find details of trials in this region40
Reference list40
Little Karoo41
Climate41
Soil types42
Irrigation practices42
Cultivar and management42
Where to find details of trials in this region42
Reference list42
Lower Orange River region42
Climate42
Soil types43
Irrigation practices43
Cultivar and management43
Where else do these results apply?43
Where to find details of trials in this region43
Reference list44
Olifants River valley44
Climate44
Soil types45
Irrigation practices45
Cultivar and management45
Where else do these results apply?45
Where to find details of trials in this region45
Reference list46
COVER-CROP SELECTION48
Reference list51
Cover-crop plants52
Grains52
Legumes53
Brassicas54
Breede River valley55
Open-land trials55
Vineyard trials58
Triticale under drip irrigation59
Which cover crops were successful?59
Reference list60
Coastal region61
Open-land trials61
Vineyard trials63
Evaluation of cover crops selected to suppress nematodes64
Which cover crops were successful?65
Reference list67
Little Karoo67
Vineyard trials67
Reference list68
Lower Orange River region68
Vineyard trials68
Which cover crops were successful?69
Reference list69
Olifants River valley70
Open-land trials70
Vineyard trials70
Which cover crops were successful?73
Reference list74
Winter-growing weeds that can be used as cover crops74
Oat-seed grass (Ehrharta longiflora)75
Ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus)76
Common wild oats (Avena fatua)76
Wild barley (Hordeum murinum)77
Reference list77
Alternative cover crops77
Creeping saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata)77
Fynbos and renosterveld species78
Reference list79
COVER-CROP ESTABLISHMENT80
Re-establishment of cover crops81
Coastal region81
Reference list83
Lower Orange River region83
Reference list85
Olifants River valley85
Reference list86
Fertilisation of cover crops87
Reference list89
Use of different implements for cover-crop establishment89
Reference list92
WEED CONTROL94
Reference list96
Weed species97
Reference list100
Breede River valley101
Winter-growing weeds101
Summer-growing weeds102
Reference list104
Coastal region104
Winter-growing weeds104
Summer-growing weeds106
Weed succession and dominance108
Reference list116
Little Karoo116
Reference list117
Lower Orange River region117
Winter-growing weeds117
Reference list118
EFFECT OF COVER CROPS ON WATER USE120
Coastal region121
Reference list122
Breede River valley122
Reference list123
Olifants River valley124
Reference list125
EFFECT OF COVER CROPS ON SOIL CARBON AND MINERALS126
Breede River valley127
Organic carbon128
Nitrogen in the soil129
Other minerals131
Reference list132
Coastal region132
Organic carbon133
Nitrogen in the soil134
Other minerals136
Reference list136
Olifants River valley137
Organic carbon137
Nitrogen in the soil138
Other minerals141
Reference list141
EFFECT OF COVER CROPS ON GRAPEVINE NUTRITION AND PERFORMANCE142
Breede River valley143
Nitrogen status of vines144
Vegetative growth and grape yield147
Grape and wine quality149
Root distribution149
Reference list151
Coastal region151
Nitrogen status of vines151
Vegetative growth and grape yield154
Grape and wine quality157
Reference list158
Lower Orange River region158
Nitrogen status of vines158
Bunch damage160
Grape yield and quality160
Reference list160
Olifants River valley161
Nitrogen status of vines and grape juice162
Vegetative growth and grape yield165
Grape and wine quality167
Reference list167
PESTS168
Snails169
Reference list171
Ants and mealy bugs171
Reference list172
Nematodes172
Coastal region172
Lower Orange River region175
Reference list177
PRACTICAL GUIDELINES178
Order seed178
Cover-crop management before grapevines are planted180
Cover-crop management in established vineyards181
Sowing dates and irrigation182
Breede River valley182
Coastal region183
Lower Orange River region183
Olifants River valley184
Fertilisation184
Control of cover crops184
Reference list185

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