A Guide to Grapevine Abnormalities in South Africa - P.G. GOUSSARD

CONTENTS

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Mealybug and ants __________________________________________ 198 Erinose and bud mite ________________________________________ 208 Stem-borers, snails and fruit fly ________________________________ 215 Leafhoppers, boll-worm, leaf roller caterpillars, spring beetles, wilting beetles and thrips _________________________ 226 Birds, bagworms, rodents, white ants, dassies, antelopes and moths/butterflies ______________________________________________ 238 6 ABIOTIC ABNORMALITIES ___________________________________________ 249 6.1 Wind, heat, sunburn and frost damage __________________________ 250 6.2 Drought, drowning and salinity ________________________________ 262 6.3 Hail, lightning, sulphur burn, bunch stem necrosis and growth arrestment___________________________________________ 272 7 GENETIC DEVIATIONS ____________________________________________ 282 8 DEFICIENCIES AND TOXICITY OF NUTRITIONAL ELEMENTS __________ 296 9 HERBICIDE PHYTOTOXICITY______________________________________ 308 10 INJUDICIOUS/FAULTY CULTIVATION PRACTICES/ACTIONS___________ 322 11 VARIA __________________________________________________________ 335 5.7

REFERENCES _________________________________________________________ 348

INDEX_______________________________________________________________ 356

A Guide to Grapevine Abnormalities in South Africa • 7