A Guide to Grapevine Abnormalities in South Africa - P.G. GOUSSARD

Dead-arm.

PHOTO 60. A typical example where young leaves begin to have a wrinkled appearance, in conjunction with typical dark brown, lens-shaped spots on the shoot section and black discolouration of the leaf parts (below left). Note that holes in the leaf surface (as on the photo) are not associated with dead- arm disease.

PHOTO 61. Severely wrinkled leaves caused by dead-arm infection.

A Guide to Grapevine Abnormalities in South Africa • 45